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81.
82.
83.
Seawater samples were collected in the North Pacific along 175°E during a cruise of the Northwest Pacific Carbon Cycle Study (NOPACCS) program in 1994. Many properties related to the carbonate system were analyzed. By using well-known ratios to correct for chemical changes in seawater, the CO2 concentration at a given depth was back calculated to its initial concentration at the time when the water left the surface in winter. We estimated sea-surface CO2 and titration alkalinity (TA) in present-day winter, from which we evaluated the degree of air-sea CO2 disequilibrium in winter was. Using a correction factor for air-sea CO2 disequilibrium in winter, we reconstructed sea-surface CO2 in pre-industrial times. The difference between the back-calculated initial CO2 and sea-surface CO2 in pre-industrial times should correspond to anthropgenic CO2 input. Although the mixing of different water masses may cause systematic error in the calculation, we found that the nonlinear effect induced by the mixing of different water masses was negligible in the upper layer of the North Pacific subtropical gyre along 175°E. The results of our improved method of assessing the distribution of anthropogenic CO2 in that region show marked differences from those obtained using the previous back-calculation method. 相似文献
84.
Angelika-M. Wulff Toshiyuki Hashida Kimio Watanabe & Hideaki Takahashi 《Geophysical Journal International》1999,139(2):395-409
Laboratory measurements of ultrasonic wave propagation in tuffaceous sandstone (Kimachi, Japan) and granite (Iidate, Japan) were performed during increasing fracturing of the samples. The fracturing was achieved by unconfined uniaxial compression up to and beyond the point of macrofracture of the specimen using a constant low strain rate. The observed variation of wave velocity (up to 40 per cent) due to the development of micro- and macrofractures in the rock is interpreted by rock models relating velocity changes to damage and crack density. The calculated density of the newly formed cracks reaches higher values for the sandstone than for the granite. Using the estimated crack densities, the attenuation behaviour is interpreted in terms of different attenuation mechanisms; that is, friction and scattering. Rayleigh scattering as described by the model of Hudson (1981 ) may explain the attenuation qualitatively if the largest plausible crack dimensions are assumed in modelling. 相似文献
85.
M. Yoshimori K. Okudaira Y. Hirasima T. Igarashi M. Akasaka Y. Takai K. Morimoto T. Watanabe K. Ohki J. Nishimura T. Yamagami Y. Ogawara I. Kondo 《Solar physics》1991,136(1):69-88
The SOLAR-A spacecraft has spectroscopic capabilities in a wide energy band from soft X-rays to gamma-rays. The Wide Band Spectrometer (WBS), consisting of three kinds of spectrometers, soft X-ray spectrometer (SXS), hard X-ray spectrometer (HXS) and gamma-ray spectrometer (GRS), is installed on SOLAR-A to investigate plasma heating, high-energy particle acceleration, and interaction processes. SXS has two proportional counters and each counter provides 128-channel pulse height data in the 2–30 keV range every 2 s and 2-channel pulse count data every 0.25 s. HXS has a NaI scintillation detector and provides 32-channel pulse height data in the 20–400 keV range every 1 s and 2-channel pulse count data every 0.125 s. GRS has two identical BGO scintillation detectors and each detector provides 128-channel pulse height data in the 0.2–10 MeV range every 4 s and 4-channel pulse count data (0.2–0.7, 0.7–4, 4–7, and 7–10 MeV) every 0.25–0.5 s. In addition, each of the BGO scintillation detectors provides 16-channel pulse height data in the 8–100 MeV range every 4 s and 2-channel pulse count data (8–30 and 30–100 MeV) every 0.5 s. The SXS observations enable one to study the thermal evolution of flare plasma by obtaining time series of electron temperatures and emission measures of hot plasma; the HXS observations enable one to study the electron acceleration and heating mechanisms by obtaining time series of the electron spectrum; and the GRS observations enable one to study the high-energy electron and ion acceleration and interaction processes by obtaining time series of electron and ion spectra.After the launch the name of SOLAR-A has been changed to YOHKOH. 相似文献
86.
Hiroyuki Watanabe 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1985,111(1):157-169
A balloon-borne gemanium spectrometer was flown in an attempt to detect line-emission from Cyg X-1 and the Crab nebula in the energy range 30–270 keV. The experiment was carried out on 29–30 September, 1982. A line feature at 145 keV was observed from Cyg X-1. The intensity is (1.34±0.31)×10–2 photons cm–2 s–1 and the width is 14.3 keV FWHM. From the Crab nebula, a weak line feature with 1.8 excess was found around 78 keV. 相似文献
87.
Koichi Watanabe Chinatsu Yachi Xiao Jing Song Saori Kakuyama Miyuki Nishibe Sheng Jun Jin 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2018,75(2):141-153
Measurements of the concentrations of H2O2 and methyl hydroperoxide (MHP), O3, and SO2 over Imizu City, Toyama Prefecture, Japan were performed in March using a helicopter. H2O2 concentrations were higher at an altitude of approximately 2,400 m (8,000 ft). The H2O2 concentrations (< 0.8 ppb) in the spring were much lower than those observed during the summer observations. MHP was also higher in the high-altitude atmosphere. Lower concentrations of H2O2 were observed when high air pollutants were actively transported from Asian continent. The concentrations of H2O2 were mostly lower than those of SO2; this condition is called oxidant limitation. If H2O2 concentration rises in cold months, the acidification of cloud water may be accelerated at high elevations in central Japan where air pollution is actively transported. 相似文献
88.
Kotaro Shirai Tatsunori Kawashima Tsuyoshi Watanabe Naoto Takahata Yuji Sano 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2008,72(22):5386-5400
Chemical and isotopic compositions of the Acropora nobilis skeleton were analyzed at various spatial resolutions to investigate the mechanism by which elements are incorporated into the skeleton. Chemical and isotopic profiles along growth axes of axial and radial corallites did not show seasonal variation, with the exception of the δ18O profile of the axial corallite. Detailed observations of the skeletal structure revealed that the skeletal density increased with distance from the tip because secondarily precipitated aragonite (here called the “infilling” skeleton) filled pore spaces in the “framework” skeleton. Microscale element analyses revealed that main part of the infilling skeleton had lower Mg/Ca and higher Sr/Ca and U/Ca than the framework skeleton. At microscale, Sr/Ca and U/Ca were positively correlated with each other, and negatively correlated with Mg/Ca but only weakly. The results showed that the infilling skeleton differed significantly from the adjacent framework skeleton in terms of not only formation chronology but also chemical composition, and that the bulk composition was influenced by the infilling/framework skeletal ratio. In order to use the Acropora skeleton as a paleoclimate archive, the relationship between environmental factors and the chemical composition of each skeletal component needs to be established. 相似文献
89.
华南地区中生代Cu (Mo) W Sn矿床成矿作用与洋岭/转换断层俯冲 总被引:25,自引:1,他引:24
华南地区是我国重要的金属矿产资源产地,除了发育大量的钨锡钼铋和稀土等金属矿产外,还有铜金矿床分布。本文通过对华南地区29个典型CuMoWSn矿床的时空分布及其与之有关的花岗质岩体的侵位年龄分析,探讨了与不同成矿类型有关的花岗质岩石的地球化学特征。本文认为华南地区10个典型的与Cu有关的矿床主要发生在180~170Ma、160~150Ma以及105~90Ma三个时期,而10个钨矿床主要集中于170~130Ma;4个WSn矿床集中于170~130Ma和120~110Ma;而5个Sn矿床则发育于170~150Ma、130~110Ma以及100~90Ma三个时期。Cu矿床主要与同熔型花岗岩有关,而Mo、WSn既与同熔型花岗岩有关,又与改造型花岗岩有关。在岩石地球化学上,与Cu(Mo)WSn成矿作用有关的花岗质岩石也表现出不同的地球化学特点,如,从Cu(Mo)矿床到WSn矿床SiO2含量有逐渐增大、氧化性逐渐降低、还原性逐渐增加以及分异演化程度有逐渐增高的趋势。与Cu(Mo)Au矿床有关的花岗质岩石具有较低的SiO2(60.3%~68.1%),氧化性较高(Fe2O3/FeO=0.31~1.81),分异演化程度较低(Rb/Sr=0.05~3.3)的特点;与Cu(Pb)(Zn)矿床有关的花岗质岩石具有相对较高的SiO2(73.3%~75.2%),氧化性稍高(Fe2O3/FeO=0.68~1.74),分异程度稍低(Rb/Sr=10.8~57.8)的特点;而与Mo矿床有关的花岗质岩石具有较宽的SiO2(67.3%~76.2%)变化范围,氧化性稍低(Fe2O3/FeO=0.68~1.74),分异演化程度稍低(Rb/Sr=0.6~9.29);与W矿有关的花岗质岩石的SiO2含量为69.9%~80.1%,还原性稍低(Fe2O3/FeO=0.19~0.76),分异演化程度稍高(Rb/Sr=21.9~61.7);与WSn矿床有关的SiO2为74.8%~78.7%,还原性较低(Fe2O3/FeO=0.08~0.59),分异程度较高(Rb/Sr=10.8~139);与Sn矿床有关的花岗质岩石的SiO2为64.8%~76.9%,还原性高(Fe2O3/FeO=0.01~0.58),分异演化程度高(Rb/Sr=1~530)。在结合华南地区花岗岩类岩石的分布特征以及盆岭构造的特点,本文提出华南地区CuMoWSn矿床的成矿作用是不同时期大洋板块或者洋岭多阶段俯冲结果的新成因模型,即早侏罗世休眠的FarallonIzanagi洋岭俯冲导致早—中侏罗世Cu成矿作用;中—晚侏罗世活动的FarallonIzanagi洋岭和转换断层俯冲是中晚侏罗世Cu(Mo)(W)成矿作用以及多阶段WSn成矿作用的触发动力,而白垩纪Izanagi大洋板块俯冲则是白垩纪斑岩型CuWSn成矿作用的诱因。该模型的提出较好地解释了华南中生代大规模岩石圈拆沉—减薄—伸展的机制及其大规模成矿作用的动力。 相似文献
90.
Thermoluminescence, electron paramagnetic resonance and optical absorption properties of rhodonite, a natural silicate mineral,
have been investigated and compared to those of synthetic crystal, pure and doped. The TL peaks grow linearly for radiation
dose up to 4 kGy, and then saturate. In all the synthetic samples, 140 and 340°C TL peaks are observed; the difference occurs
in their relative intensities, but only 340°C peak grows strongly for high doses. Al2O3 and Al2O3 + CaO-doped synthetic samples presented several decades intenser TL compared to that of synthetic samples doped with other
impurities. A heating rate of 4°C/s has been used in all the TL readings. The EPR spectrum of natural rhodonite mineral has
only one huge signal around g = 2.0 with width extending from 1,000 to 6,000 G. This is due to Mn dipolar interaction, a fact proved by numerical calculation
based on Van Vleck dipolar broadening expression. The optical absorption spectrum is rich in absorption bands in near-UV,
visible and near-IR intervals. Several bands in the region from 540 to 340 nm are interpreted as being due to Mn3+ in distorted octahedral environment. A broad and intense band around 1,040 nm is due to Fe2+. It decays under heating up to 900°C. At this temperature it is reduced by 80% of its original intensity. The pink, natural
rhodonite, heated in air starts becoming black at approximately 600°C. 相似文献